The Poetic Edda: A Study Guide |
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Grímnismál The Speech of the Masked One [PREVIOUS][MAIN][NEXT] [HOME] |
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39 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Codex Regius MS No. 2365 4to [R] |
Arnamagnæan Codex AM 748 I 4to [A] |
1954
Guðni Jónsson
Normalized Text: |
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Scöll heitir úlfr, |
Sköll heitir úlfr, |
39. Sköll heitir úlfr, |
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English Translations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1797 Amos
Simon Cottle in Icelandic Poetry “The Song of Grimnir” |
1851 C.P. in The Yale Magazine, Vol. 16 “The Song of Grimner” |
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XXXIX. |
The wolf, whose eager eye followeth the sun, |
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1866 Benjamin Thorpe
in Edda Sæmundar Hinns Frôða “The Lay of Grimnir” |
1883 Gudbrand Vigfusson in Corpus Poeticum Boreale “The Sayings of the Hooded One” |
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39. Sköll the wolf is named, |
Skulk is the name of the wolf that follows
the fair-faced Goddess to ....[1]
But the other is called Hastener; he is the son of the Great Beast: he has to
run before the bright bride of Heaven. . . |
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1908 Olive Bray in Edda Saemundar “The Sayings of Grimnir” |
1923 Henry Bellows in The Poetic Edda “Grimnismol: The Ballad of Grimnir” |
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39. Skoll is the wolf called who hunts the bright sun-goddess
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39. Skoll is the wolf that to Ironwood |
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1962 Lee M. Hollander in The Poetic Edda “The Lay of Grimnir” |
1967 W.
H. Auden & P. B. Taylor in The Elder Edda “The Lay of Grimnir” |
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40. Skoll the wolf, in the sky dogs him |
Skoll the wolf who shall scare the Moon |
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1996 Carolyne Larrington in The Poetic Edda “Grimnir’s Sayings” |
2011 Ursula Dronke in The Poetic Edda, Vol. III: Mythological Poems “The Lay of Grimnir” |
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39. Skoll a wolf is called who pursues the shining god to the protecting woods; and another is Hati, he is Hrodvitnir's son,* who chases the bright bride of heaven. |
39. Crafty the wolf is called, |
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2011 Andy Orchard The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore 'The Lay of Grimnir" |
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39. ‘Spite’s the name of the wolf who chases |
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COMMENTARY Like Dogs Chasing Cars |
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Sköll and Hati are mentioned again in Gylfaginning 12:
The names Sköll and Hati are transparent in meaning: sköll, f. [cp. skval, skjall], mockery, loud laughter (Cleasby/Vigfusson Dictionary) hati, a, m. one who shuns; from hata, [Ulf. hatan =Anglo-Saxon hatjan; English hate; OHG. hazen; German hassen; Danish hade; Swedish hata] :-- to hate. (Cleasby/Vigfusson Dictionary) |
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Hróðvitnir is one of three names in this poem with the suffix -vitnir,
'wolf'. The others are Þjóðvitnir in
stanza 21 and Grafvitnir in
stanza 34. Hróðvitnir can mean
the "famous wolf" from hróð, m., genitive hróðrar and
hróðrs:-- praise, properly fame, reputation;
however, in a few instances the sense is ambiguous, and probably to be
derived from hrjóða, to destroy, e.g. in Hróðvitnir,
m. the fatal, murderous wolf. The author of Gylfaginning 12 refers to the wolf Hati as Hati Hródvitnir's son. In Lokasenna 39 [R], Hróðvitnir is used as a name of Fenrir, and in Hymiskviða 11, the one-handed god Týr is called Hróðrs andskoti, "Hróð's adversary." Thus, Sköll and Hati are most likely sons of Loki's son, Fenrir (unless we take Fenrir as a generic term for 'wolf' as some scholars are wont to do). |
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According to Vafþrúðnismál 46-47, Fenrir himself swallows the sun. Thus, his sons were probably seen as replacing him as the sun and moon's harrower after Fenrir was chained by the gods. He shall remain in chains until Ragnarök, when the world-tree trembles and all monsters break free. In Völuspá 53-54, Fenrir (Hveðrung's son) swallows Odin, emphasizing that Odin, on one level, symbolizes the sun. He is the one-eyed god, who can see all that happens on earth from his throne in the sky. His pursuit of the sun-goddess Rind may also allude to the same idea. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
An allusion to this myth occurs in Hrafnagaldur Óðinns 23.
Because of textual problems in the first half stanza, an exact translation is not possible. Several solutions have been suggested: 1. röstum. Röst can mean "a current or stream in the ocean; eddy, whirlpool".2. móður can be read as a genitive of "móðir" (mother's). This can be joined with "Rindar", giving a meaning "of the mother of Rindur". She may be the Sun, in which case "rastir Rindar móður" could mean "the paths of the Sun". 3. móðir may be the nominative of "móðir" (mother). "The mother of Rindur", yielding "The mother of Rindur ran along the paths/eddies." 4. In lines 3-4, "fóðurlarður fenris" may be seen as a kenning for the Sun. The Sun is the wolf's dinner. 5. "fenris vellir" may be a kenning for "sky, heaven", if the wolf is seen as chasing the sun every day. If so, one would need to assume a "dovetailing" or a "double-duty" kenning, where "fóðurlarður fenris" = the wolf's dinner = SUN; and "the wolf's plains" = SKY. 6. "rastir Rindar valla" (chosen here) = "the eddies of Rindur's plains" = the swirling seas in the West (at sunset). Assuming that "Rindar vellir" equals "Vestursalir" ("western-halls") 7. Bugge suggests: "Fenris fóður (i.e. sun) rann með röstum Rindar (i.e. westwards) ... sem móðir Jarðar (Night) fór Hrímfaxa (i.e. by means of Hrímfaxi). Whatever the exact meaning, it seems obvious that the stanza describes the setting of the Sun in the West, as Night ascends in the East. Night rides the horse Hrimfaxi. In the previous stanza, the advent of twilight signals the end of the gods' banquet. In the following verse, Dag (Day) and Sol (Sun) appear on the horizon at dawn. Here the gods take leave of their hosts (Óðinn and Frigg) as night falls. Little is known about the obscure goddess Rind. Closely associated with the sun, she may be identifical to Sól's daughter, Sunna, who will assume her mother's role after Ragnarök, once the wolf catches and devours her (Vafþrúðnismál 47). With Rind, Odin fathers Vali, Baldur's avenger. In Baldurs Draumar 11, we learn that "Rind bears Vali in western halls" (Rindur ber Vála í vestursölum). In Lokasenna 34, Loki says that Njörd was sent east from Vanaheim as a hostage, indicating that Vanaheim is located in the west. This makes it likely that Rind is a member of the Vanir tribe. Odin had a difficult time obtaining her favor, and had to resort to witchcraft. A verse by the skald Kormak preserved in Skaldskaparmál 2, informs us that Odin-Yggr "worked seið on Rind," (seið Yggr til Rindar). Based on Saxo's account of Rinda in Book 3 of his Gesta Danorum, Rind may be identified with "Billing's maiden" (Billings mær) of Hávamál 97 (see below). Similarly, Odin makes three journeys to her, and is rejected three times, once having encountered miltiary force, before finally having his way with her. |
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Varna Viðr: Into the Woods |
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The phrase varna viðr, which occurs in both manuscripts
of the poem, can be translated in two ways, either as a descriptive
phrase, "protecting forest", or as a proper name, "Forest of the Varns
(Protectors)". Both are valid. Surprisingly, varna viðr was initially interpreted as the sea. This is undoubtedly based on the first Latin translation of the poem, published in 1787, in Edda Saemundar hinns Fróda: Edda rhythmica seu antiquior, vulgo Saemundina Dicta, where varna viðr was rendered as: ad cingens (terrerum) mare, "the sea, encircling (earth)." The wide influence of this volume can be seen in the early translations of Grímnismál: 1797 Cottle: terrene clime 1818 Majer: umgebenden Meer, '"surrounding sea" 1841 du Puget: l'Ocean dont les bras étreignent terre, "the Ocean whose arms embrace the earth" 1851 C.P: girding sea 1856 de los Rios: el Océano, cuyos brazos estrechan á la tierra, "the ocean whose arms embrace the earth" 1866 Thorpe: the ocean 1874 Simrock: schützende flut, "protective flood" 1874 Jordan: gürtenden Weltmeer, "girdling world-sea" 1883 Vigfusson: untranslated In the last quarter of the 19th century, the phrase varna viðr began to be interpreted as a forest [the literal meaning of viðr] and translated more accurately, although the translators remained uncertain whether it was a proper name or a descriptive phrase: 1871 Bergmann Forêt-de-Défense, "Forest-of-Defense" 1908 Bray: "sheltering grove" 1923 Bellows: "Ironwood" 1962 Hollander: "warding woods" 1967 Terry: "Wood-of-Woe" 2011 Orchard: "protection of the woods" 2011 Dronke: "Wardens' Woods" |
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Based on the context of this stanza, the wolves Sköll and Hati chase the sun and moon all the way to varna viðr daily. Thus this forest must be located at the far end of the world, and specifically to the west, the direction of the setting sun. Henry Bellows reinterpreted the phrase as 'Ironwood' which must be incorrect, as Völuspá 40 informs us that the Ironwood is located in the east:
In Lokasenna 39 [R], Hróðvitnir is used as name of Fenrir. Speaking to Loki, Tyr says:
Thus, while Völuspá informs us that an old hag (Aurboda) sits east in the Ironwood breeding Fenris kindir, "kin of Fenrir" (i.e. wolves), Grímnismál 39 tells us that Fenrir's (Hróðvitnir's) children chase Sol and Mani daily to the varna viðr. Following the course of the sun, their journey begins on the eastern horizon every day, and ends on the western horizon. The Ironwood, inhabited by Fenrir's children, is explicitly located in the east, the direction of the rising sun. Logically, Fenrir's sons, Sköll and Hati, begin their daily trek here. Grímnismál 39 informs us that their chase ends at varna viðr, when Sol escapes below the horizon. Thus varna viðr must be located in the far west, the direction of the setting sun. As noted above, varna viðr can mean "the protecting wood". The designation is fitting, since there, Sol escapes the fangs of Fenrir's children daily. The stanza doesn't tell us how she manages to do this, only the place where it happens. In that regard, we should remember that the phrase varna viðr can also be interpreted as a proper name, meaning "the forest of the Varns" or "the forest of the protectors," [fx: Ursula Dronke's "Wardens' Woods"]. Could it be that Sol and Mani had help fending off their attackers? In the Old English poem Widsith, a travelling scop names a great number of ancient tribes and their leaders, some real and some mythic in origin. Of interest to the current investigation, the scop names Billing as commander of the Varns, an otherwise unknown Germanic tribe: Widsith, Exeter Book 320, 7: Billing [veold] Vernum, "Billing ruled the Varns" (written in Old English) The mythic sources know of a being named Billing. Billing occurs as the name of a dwarf in Völuspá's famous dwarf-list (Hauksbók 13), and as the father of a mysterious maiden whom Odin seduces in Hávamál 96-102 (Andy Orchard translation):
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If we take Varna viður as a proper name, then it is the home of the mythic Varns, which means "protecters," and the protection referred to here can be none other than that given to the traveling divinities of light when they have reached the western horizon. When Sol and Mani leave the eastern horizon and begin their daily trek across the heavens, their journey is not without danger. From the Ironwood (Völuspá 40) come the wolf-giants Sköll and Hati in pursuit of them. Sköll does not retire from the chase before the car of the bright-faced goddess has reached varna viður in the west (Grímnismál 39: Skoll heitir úlfur, er fylgir inu skírleita goði til Varna viðar). Varna is genitive plural of the singular Varinn, "defender," "protector." According to Helgakviða Hjörvarðsson, Hati, who pursues the moon, is slain near Varin's Bay (vík Varins, str. 22), and the place-names Varinsfjörður (Varin's fjörd) and Varinsey (Varin's island) occur in Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, 37-40 alongside several names which, along with Billing, appear in Völuspá's dwarf-list stanzas, (i.e. Svarinn, Móinn, Álfur, and Yngvi). It is clear from the context that Varna viður, where the wolf Sköll is obliged to turn back from his pursuit of Sol, and that Varins vík, where the moon's pursuer Hati is conquered, were conceived of as located on the western horizon. Here then, in the same regions where Varna viður and Varinsvík are located, the divinities of light find defenders and can take rest, when their long day's journey has ended. The description which Hávamál strophes 97-101 give us of life in
Billing's halls correspond perfectly with this view. Through the epic
presentation there gleams, so to speak, a conscious symbolizing of
nature, which explains the play of colors in the western sky when the
sun has set. When evening comes Billing's girl sleeps on her bed (Billings
mey eg fann beðjum á sólhvíta sofa -- st. 97). In his halls,
Billing has a body-guard of warriors, referred to as his saldrótt,
vígdrótt "hall-host," "battle-host," (st. 100, 101), in whom we
recognize those Varns who protect the divinities of light that
come to his dwelling daily. These warriors keep vigil far into the night, "with
burning lights and with torches in their hands," over the slumbering
"sun-bright" maiden. When day breaks their services are no longer
needed. Then they go to sleep (og nær morgni . . . þá
var saldrótt um sofin -- st. 101). According to Gylfaginning 10, Delling is the father of Day, who accompanies Sol across the sky each day, riding his horse, Skinfaxi:
Outside the doors of Delling, the elf of dawn, mythology has located the dwarf Þjóðrerir ("people-mover"), who, according to Hávamál 160, sings songs of awakening and blessing upon the world:
Delling's home and the scene of his activity is thus in the east. Unlike his kinsmen, Night, Day, and Sol, Delling has no duty which requires him to be absent from home a part of the day. The dawn is merely a reflection on Midgard's eastern horizon from Delling's subterranean dwelling. It can be seen only when Night leaves the upper heaven and before Dag and Sol have come forward, and makes no journey around the world. From a mythological standpoint, he is the elf of dawn. The sunset-glow has another genius, Billing, and he, too, is a creation of Modsognir, if the dwarf-list is correct (Völuspá 13, Hauksbók). Sol, who on her way is pursued by two giant monsters in wolf-guise, is secure when she comes to her forest of the Varns behind the western horizon (til varna viðar - Grímnismál 39). There "in western halls" (Baldurs Draumr 11) dwells Billing, the chief of the Varns (Billing veold Vernum - Widsith, Exeter Book, 320). There rests his daughter Rind bright as the sun on her bed, and his body-guard keeps watch with kindled lights and burning torches (Hávamál 97; cp. 100). Thus Billing is the watchman of the western boundary of Midgard, and Delling of the eastern. As we have seen, Billing is closely associated with the Vanir, who reside in the western halls of Vanaheim. Likewise, Odin is closely associated with the Aesir, being their founder and father. Odin and his brothers are known collectively as the Sons of Bor. They are three in number. From the opening stanzas of Völuspá and Gylfaginning 6, we learn that they work together to slay the primeval giant Ymir and create Midgard from his dismembered corpse. Gylfaginning 9 informs us that once this task was done, "the sons of Borr were walking along the sea-strand. They found two trees, and took up the trees and shaped men of them." In Völuspá 17-18, the same task is accomplished by to Odin, Hoenir and Lodur. Thus, Hoenir and Lodur are Vili and Ve. This is confirmed in Lokasenna 24, where Odin and his brothers are designated by the alliterative epithets: Vidrir [Odin], Vili and Ve. As we find three divine beings, begot at the beginning of time, can it be a coincidence that the mythology also knows three tribes of divine beings: Aesir, Vanir and Alfar (elves)? Naturally, these three sons of Bor are the progenitors of the three divine races: Odin of the Aesir, Lodur of the Alfar, and Hoenir of the Vanir. In this context, it is tempting to interpret Delling and
Billing as alternate names of Odin's brothers, Vili and Ve, also known
as Lodur and Hoenir. If Odin represents the sun at its apex, then his
brothers, Lodur-Vili and Hoenir-Ve, might naturally represent the rising
and setting sun. |
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An insightful scholarly analysis of the Hávamál sequence regarding 'Billing's maiden', occurs on pp. 167-169 of John McKinnell's Meeting the Other in Old Norse Myth and Legend, (2005). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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