The Poetic Edda: A Study Guide |
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Grímnismál The Speech of the Masked One [PREVIOUS][MAIN][NEXT] [HOME] |
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9 | |||||||||||||||
Codex Regius MS No. 2365 4to [R] |
Arnamagnæan Codex AM 748 I 4to [A] |
1954
Guðni Jónsson
Normalized Text: |
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9. Mjök er auðkennt,
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9. Mjök er auðkennt,
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9. Mjök er auðkennt,
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English Translations | |||||||||||||||
1797 Amos
Simon Cottle in Icelandic Poetry “The Song of Grimnir” |
1851 C.P. in The Yale Magazine, Vol. 16 “The Song of Grimner” |
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Where Odin's towers rise to view, |
Easily 'tis known from the other palaces |
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1866 Benjamin Thorpe
in Edda Sæmundar Hinns Frôða “The Lay of Grimnir” |
1883 Gudbrand Vigfusson in Corpus Poeticum Boreale “The Sayings of the Hooded One” |
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9. Easily to be known is, |
That hall is very easy to know for all that come to visit Woden; the house is raftered with shafts, the hall is thatched with shields, the benches are strewn with mail-coats. |
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1908 Olive Bray in Edda Saemundar “The Sayings of Grimnir” |
1923 Henry Bellows in The Poetic Edda “Grimnismol: The Ballad of Grimnir” |
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9. 'Tis easily known by all who come |
9. Easy is it to know for him who to Othin |
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1962 Lee M. Hollander in The Poetic Edda “The Lay of Grimnir” |
1967 W.
H. Auden & P. B. Taylor in The Elder Edda “The Lay of Grimnir” |
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9. Easily known to Ygg's chosen |
9. Easy to recognize for all who come there |
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1996 Carolyne Larrington in The Poetic Edda “Grimnir’s Sayings” |
2011 Ursula Dronke in The Poetic Edda, Vol. III: Mythological Poems “The Lay of Grimnir” |
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9. 'It's very easy to recognize for those who come to Odin |
9. Much is easily recognizable |
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COMMENTARY | |||||||||||||||
The phrase meaning “to strew the
benches” here is um bekki strát. The act of “strewing the benches” with
items, usually costly things in anticipation of guests, occurs in
several poems:
In Thrymskvida 22, the giants prepare a wedding feast for the
giant Thrym and the goddess Freyja, who turns out to be Thor in bridal
garb, determined to retrieve his stolen weapon.
In Alvismal 1, the dwarf Alvis says his people are preparing a wedding feast for himself and Thor’s daughter, whom he has come to take home:
Translations above are those of Benjamin Thorpe, slightly modified. In the opening verses of Eiriksmal, the inhabitants of Valhalla or their attending Valkyries prepare for the arrival of kings among them:
Rudolf Simek’s Dictionary of Northern Mythology, 1984: Valhall or Valhalla (ON Vallholl, 'hall of the slain') is the name of Odin's home in Asgard where he gathers the warriors slain in battle around him. The most detailed description of Valhall is in the list of godly residences in Grimnismal (8-10, 18-26) and subsequently in Snorri (Gylfaginning 37-40). Valhall is situated in the part of Asgard called Gladsheirnr; the hall is thatched with spears and shields and armour lies on the benches. The valkyries lead the slain heroes (the einherjar) to this hall, to Odin, and they serve them with meat from the boar Saehrimnir (which the cook Audhrimnir prepares in the cauldron Eldhrimnir). Everyone has enough to eat from the boar, which renews itself constantly. The einherjar drink mead with this meal which flows from the udders of the goat, Heidrun. The goat stands on the roof of Valhall and, like the stag Eikthymir, grazes on the foliage of the tree Laeradr (= Yggdrasill). Odin, however, only drinks wine, and he feeds the wolves Geri and Freki with his own food. One gate to Valhall is called Valgrind (perhaps the one through which the slain warriors enter) and a wolf lies in front of it and an eagle soars above. The einherjar fight the whole day with each other, but in the evening they are all alive again and sit around together, drinking (Vafthrudnismal 41). This seems to give an impression of how Viking Age warriors imagined paradise. At Ragnarok, however, the einherjar will march out - 800 through each of the 540 gates of Valhall- and will fight on the side of the gods against Fenrir and the powers of the Underworld. The poetic image of the warriors' paradise given in Grimnismal derives, although not in all details, without a doubt from folk-belief, but nonetheless several elements can be found already in 9th and 10th century skaldic poetry: in Thorbjorn Hornklofi's Hrafnsmal (the shield-covered hall), in Evvind's Hakonarmdl and in the Eiriksmal. M. Olsen's provocative theory that the constantly fighting warriors and the 540 gates to Valhall were a recalling of the experiences gathered by a Scandinavian traveller to the Colosseum with its constant combats of gladiators in Rome, aroused much attention. Even if this recall was not the basis for the actual Nordic myth of Valhall, it is nonetheless a possible source of the later poetic treatment of the material. The number of 800 times 540 = 432,000 einherjar mentioned in the Grimnismal can possibly be traced back to Hellenic influence, and is not a number of any particular symbolic significance. It is also by no means certain if the number is at all correct and if the Grimnismal did not use the Germanic value of hundred (= 120). The ON Valholl (German Walhalla first used by H. Schutze in 1750) derives from valr 'those slain on the battlefield' and höll 'hall' and was understood, at least in the late heathen period, as 'hall of the slain'; however, some mountains in South Sweden which in folk-belief are thought to be the place where the dead live, as mountains of the dead, are also called Valhall. Perhaps the belief in Valhall also comes from the concept of life after death within barrows and mountains (Burial mound), as described in the sagas of the 13th century, where the dead are seen by the living to be celebrating with their ancestors in mountains (Gisla saga 11, Eyrbyggja saga 11, Njals saga 14). In this case it would be possible that ON Valholl does not derive from höll 'hall' but from hallr, 'rock'. The origin of the concept is by no means older than the name: in the beginning there was the battlefield strewn with corpses, from which the demons of death (valkyries) led the fallen heroes to a god of the dead; the description of this place, whether as a place in a mountain, or else a heavenly drinking hall, only came secondarily. |
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