Ursula Dronke, Poetic Edda, Volume II:
"In 11 a satisfying peace has come between gods and giants,
when Skaði, the giant Þiazi’s daughter, is married to one of the
gods—Niörðr— and settles down in a new house, but built upon the ruins
of her father’s old one. Her marriage is a pact of peace between the old
and new, and a new development from the quarrelsome old history, when
she stormed down on the gods to claim blood-money for her father’s
killing (SnE 81), demanding—and getting—a god for a husband and a jest
to make her laugh again for her sorrow—Loki supplies this—while in
addition Óðinn creates two stars out of her dead father’s eyes. No
mention is made in Grím. of her restless marriage with
sea-dwelling Njörðr, when he is kept awake by her mountain wolves’
howling and she cannot abide his screaming gulls (SnE 31). On the
contrary, Njörðr is given the dignity of a very ancient title,
manna þengill ‘prince of men,’
elsewhere only recorded in OE Exodus 172 (probably early 8th century:
see AEW s.v. þengill). Any harsh detail in the traditional story of the
gods that might break the somnolent acquiescence of the old gods’
world—fully portrayed in Grím—is smoothly omitted."
In his works Snorri Sturluson mentions Noatun three times.
In Gylfaginning 23:
"The third among the Æsir is he that is called Njördr: he dwells in heaven, in
the abode called Nóatún. He rules the course of the wind, and stills sea and
fire; on him shall men call for voyages and for hunting. He is so prosperous and
abounding in wealth, that he may give them great plenty of lands or of gear; and
him shall men invoke for such things. Njördr is not of the race of the Æsir: he
was reared in the land of the Vanir, but the Vanir delivered him as hostage to
the gods, and took for hostage in exchange him that men call Hœnir; he became an
atonement between the gods and the Vanir. Njördr has to wife the woman called
Skadi, daughter of Thjazi the giant. Skadi would fain dwell in the abode which
her father had had, which is on certain mountains, in the place called
Thrymheimr; but Njördr would be near the sea. They made a compact on these
terms: they should be nine nights in Thrymheimr, but the second nine at Nóatún.
But when Njördr came down from the mountain back to Nóatún, he sang this lay:
Loath were the hills to me, | I was not long in them,
Nights only nine;
To me the wailing of | wolves seemed ill,
After the song of swans.
Then Skadi sang this:
Sleep could I never | on the sea-beds,
For the wailing of waterfowl;
He wakens me, | who comes from the deep--
The sea-mew every morn.
Then Skadi went up onto the mountain, and dwelt in
Thrymheimr. And she goes for the more part on snowshoes and with a bow
and arrow, and shoots beasts; she is called Snowshoe-Goddess or Lady of
the Snowshoes. So it is said:
Thrymheimr 't is called, | where Thjazi dwelt,
He the hideous giant;
But now Skadi abides, | pure bride of the gods,
In her father's ancient freehold.
Gylfaginning 24:
"Njördr in Nóatún begot afterward two children: the son was called
Freyr, and the daughter Freyja; they were fair of face and mighty. Freyr
is the most renowned of the Æsir; he rules over the rain and the shining
of the sun, and therewithal the fruit of the earth; and it is good to
call on him for fruitful seasons and peace. He governs also the
prosperity of men. But Freyja is the most renowned of the goddesses; she
has in heaven the dwelling called Fólkvangr ("Folk-plain, Host-plain"),
and wheresoever she rides to the strife, she has one-half of the kill,
and Odin half, as is here said:
Fólkvangr 't is called, | where Freyja rules
Degrees of seats in the hall;
Half the kill | she keepeth each day,
And half Odin hath.
Her hall Sessrúmnir ("Seat-roomy") is great and fair. When she goes
forth, she drives her cats and sits in a chariot; she is most
conformable to man's prayers, and from her name comes the name of honor,
Frú, by which noblewomen are called. Songs of love are well-pleasing to
her; it is good to call on her for furtherance in love."
Skaldskaparmal 3:
Now Skadi, the daughter of the giant Thjazi, took helm and birnie and
all weapons of war and proceeded to Ásgard, to avenge her father. The
Æsir, however, offered her reconciliation and atonement: the first
article was that she should choose for herself a husband from among the
Æsir and choose by the feet only, seeing no more of him. Then she saw
the feet of one man, passing fair, and said: "I choose this one: in
Baldr little can be loathly." But that was Njördr of Nóatún. She had
this article also in her bond of reconciliation: that the Æsir must do a
thing she thought they would not be able to accomplish: to make her
laugh. Then Loki did this: he tied a cord to the beard of a goat, the
other end being about his own genitals, and each gave way in turn, and
each of the two screeched loudly; then Loki let himself fall onto
Skadi's knee, and she laughed. Thereupon reconciliation was made with
her on the part of the Æsir.
Ynglingasaga
4. OF ODIN'S WAR WITH THE PEOPLE OF VANALAND.
Odin went out with a great army against the Vanaland people; but
they were well prepared, and defended their land; so that victory
was changeable, and they ravaged the lands of each other, and did
great damage. They tired of this at last, and on both sides
appointed a meeting for establishing peace, made a truce, and
exchanged hostages. The Vanaland people sent their best men,
Njord the Rich, and his son Frey. The people of Asaland sent a
man called Hone, whom they thought well suited to be a chief, as
he was a stout and very handsome man; and with him they sent a
man of great understanding called Mime. On the other side, the
Vanaland people sent the wisest man in their community, who was
called Kvase. Now, when Hone came to Vanaheim he was immediately
made a chief, and Mime came to him with good counsel on all
occasions. But when Hone stood in the Things or other meetings,
if Mime was not near him, and any difficult matter was laid
before him, he always answered in one way -- "Now let others give
their advice"; so that the Vanaland people got a suspicion that
the Asaland people had deceived them in the exchange of men. They
took Mime, therefore, and beheaded him, and sent his head to the
Asaland people. Odin took the head, smeared it with herbs so
that it should not rot, and sang incantations over it. Thereby
he gave it the power that it spoke to him, and discovered to him
many secrets. Odin placed Njord and Frey as priests of the
sacrifices, and they became Diar of the Asaland people. Njord's
daughter Freya was priestess of the sacrifices, and first taught
the Asaland people the magic art, as it was in use and fashion
among the Vanaland people. While Njord was with the Vanaland
people he had taken his own sister in marriage, for that was
allowed by their law; and their children were Frey and Freya.
But among the Asaland people it was forbidden to intermarry with
such near relations.
11. OF NJORD.
Njord of Noatun was then the sole sovereign of the Swedes; and he
continued the sacrifices, and was called the drot or sovereign by
the Swedes, and he received scatt and gifts from them. In his
days were peace and plenty, and such good years, in all respects,
that the Swedes believed Njord ruled over the growth of seasons
and the prosperity of the people. In his time all the diar or
gods died, and blood-sacrifices were made for them. Njord died
on a bed of sickness, and before he died made himself be marked
for Odin with the spear-point. The Swedes burned him, and all
wept over his grave-mound.
11. FREY'S DEATH.
Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the
Swedes, and they paid taxes to him. He was, like his father,
fortunate in friends and in good seasons. Frey built a great
temple at Upsal, made it his chief seat, and gave it all his
taxes, his land, and goods. Then began the Upsal domains, which
have remained ever since. Then began in his days the Frode-
peace; and then there were good seasons, in all the land, which
the Swedes ascribed to Frey, so that he was more worshipped than
the other gods, as the people became much richer in his days by
reason of the peace and good seasons. His wife was called Gerd,
daughter of Gymis, and their son was called Fjolne. Frey was
called by another name, Yngve; and this name Yngve was considered
long after in his race as a name of honour, so that his
descendants have since been called Ynglinger. Frey fell into a
sickness; and as his illness took the upper hand, his men took
the plan of letting few approach him. In the meantime they
raised a great mound, in which they placed a door with three
holes in it. Now when Frey died they bore him secretly into the
mound, but told the Swedes he was alive; and they kept watch over
him for three years. They brought all the taxes into the mound,
and through the one hole they put in the gold, through the other
the silver, and through the third the copper money that was paid.
Peace and good seasons continued.
13. OF FREYA AND HER DAUGHTERS.
Freya alone remained of the gods, and she became on this account
so celebrated that all women of distinction were called by her
name, whence they now have the title Frue; so that every woman is
called frue, or mistress over her property, and the wife is
called the house-frue. Freya continued the blood-sacrifices.
Freya had also many other names. Her husband was called Oder,
and her daughters Hnoss and Gerseme. They were so very
beautiful, that afterwards the most precious jewels were called
by their names.
When it became known to the Swedes that Frey was dead, and yet
peace and good seasons continued, they believed that it must be
so as long as Frey remained in Sweden; and therefore they would
not burn his remains, but called him the god of this world, and
afterwards offered continually blood-sacrifices to him,
principally for peace and good seasons.
Not surprising among a sea-faring people, the sea-god Njord is mentioned
many times in Eddic verses, usually in relationship to his children:
Grímnismál
43. Ivald’s sons
went in days of old
Skidbladnir to form,
of ships the best,
for the bright Frey,
Njörd´s benign son.
VafÞrúðnismál
Odin
38. Tell me tenthly,
since thou all the origin
of the gods knowest, Vafthrudnir!
whence Niörd came
among the Æsir´s sons?
O’er fanes and offer-steads
he rules by hundreds,
yet was not among the Æsir born.
Vafthrudnir
39. In Vanaheim
wise powers him created,
and to the gods a hostage gave.
At the world’s dissolution
he will return
to the wise Vanir.
Skírnismál
Gerd
37. Hail rather to thee, youth!
and accept an icy cup,
filled with old mead;
although I thought not
that I ever should
love one of Vanir race.
Skirnir
38. All my errand
will I know,
ere I hence ride home.
When wilt thou converse hold
with the powerful
son of Niörd?
Gerd
39. Barri the grove is named,
which we both know,
the grove of tranquil paths.
Nine nights hence,
there to Niörd’s son
Gerd will grant delight.
Skirnir then rode home. Frey was standing without, and spoke to him,
asking tidings:
40. Tell me, Skirnir!
ere thou thy steed unsaddlest,
and a foot hence goest,
what thou hast accomplished
in Jötunheim,
for my pleasure or thine?
Skirnir
41. Barri the grove is named,
which we both know,
the grove of tranquil paths.
Nine nights hence,
there to Niörd’s son
Gerd will grant delight.
Lokasenna
Loki
32. Be silent, Freyja!
Thou art a sorceress,
and with much evil blended;
since against thy brother thou
the gentle powers excited.
And then, Freyja! what didst thou do?
Niörd
33. It is no great wonder,
if silk-clad dames
get themselves husbands, lovers;
but ´tis a wonder that a wretched As,
that has borne children,
should herein enter.
34. Be silent, Niörd!
Thou wast sent eastward hence,
a hostage from the gods.
Hýmir´s daughter had thee
for a utensil,
and flowed into thy mouth.
Niörd
35. ´Tis to me a solace,
as I a long way hence
was sent, a hostage from the gods,
that I had a son,
whom no one hates,
and accounted is a chief among the Æsir.
Loki
36. Cease now, Niörd!
in bounds contain thyself;
I will no longer keep it secret:
it was with thy sister
thou hadst such a son;
hardly worse than thyself.
Thrymskvida 23:
23. Then said Thrym,
the Thursar’s lord:
“Rise up, Jötuns!
and the benches deck,
now they bring me
Freyja to wife,
Niörd’s daughter,
from Noatún.
Solarljod 79:
79. Here are runes
which have engraven
Niörd´s daughters nine,
Radvör the eldest,
and the youngest Kreppvör,
and their seven sisters.
Gylfaginning 10
"Nörfi or Narfi is the name of a giant that dwelt in Jötunheim: he had a
daughter called Night; she was swarthy and dark, as befitted her race.
She was given to the man named Naglfari; their son was Audr. Afterward
she was wedded to him that was called Annarr; Jörd ("Earth") was their
daughter. Last of all Dayspring had her, and he was of the race of the
Æsir; their son was Day: he was radiant and fair after his father. Then
Allfather took Night, and Day her son, and gave to them two horses and
two chariots, and sent them up into the heavens, to ride round about the
earth every two half-days. Night rides before with the horse named
Frosty-Mane, and on each morning he bedews the earth with the foam from
his bit. The horse that Day has is called Sheen-Mane, and he illumines
all the air and the earth from his mane."
The Eddaic poem Lokasenna informs us that Frey was the product of an
incestuous union. He is the child of Njörd and his unnamed sister. In
verse 36 of that poem, Loki says:
"Hættu nú, Njörðr,
haf þú á hófi þik,
munk-a ek því leyna lengr:
við systur þinni
gaztu slíkan mög,
ok er-a þó vánu verr."
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36. Cease now, Niörd!
in bounds contain thyself;
I will no longer keep it secret:
it was with your sister
you had such a son;
hardly worse than thyself.
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Ynglingasaga ch. 4 confirms this relationship, stating that
“while Njörd lived with the Vanir he had his sister as wife, because
that was the custom among them. Their children were Frey and Freyja. But
among the Aesir it was forbidden to marry so close akin.” Thus, when
Njörd came to live among the Aesir, logic dictates that he could no
longer keep his sister as his wife. Unfortunately, Njörd’s sister
remains unnamed in our fragmentary sources. Scholars who have hazarded
to guess, most often identify the unnamed sister of Njörd as Nerthus,
the earth-mother since the two names are etymologically related, and a
wide range of evidence supports the veneration of a male-female divine
pair associated with fertility across northern Europe. While we cannot
determine the name of Njörd’s sister, we do discover a brother of the
earth-goddess whose name may prove relevant to our investigation.
In Gylfaginning 10, Snorri informs us that Jörd’s brother was named Aud,
a name that means ‘wealth.’ As a mythic personality, Aud is
likewise unknown. However, in a proverb from Vatsdaela Saga 47, a
wealthy man is said to be “as rich as Njörd.”
Þá mælti Þróttólfr: “Eigi skiptir þat högum til, at Húnrøðr, góðr
drengr, skal vera félauss orðinn ok hlotit þat mest af okkr, en þræll
hans, Skúmr, skal orðinn auðigr sem Njörðr.
“Then Throttolf said, “It is not as it should be that Hunrod, a good
man, should have become penniless, mostly on our account, while his
slave Skum grows as rich as Njörd.”
Snorri informs us that Njörd rules over the motion of the wind and
moderates the sea and fire. Men pray to him for good voyages and
fishing. He is so rich and wealthy that he can grant wealth of land or
possessions to those that pray to him. In addition, the Codex Regius
manuscript of Snorri’s Gylfaginning 23, contains a
variant. There the name Auðr reads Uðr, a
proper name equivalent to Unnr, “wave.” Thus the name of Jörd’s brother
may be interpreted as “wealth” or “wave”, names which apply equally as
well to Njörd as a god of rich coastal harbors. Thus, although the name
of Njörd’s sister is lost to us, we have strong circumstancial evidence
that Njörd was known as Jörd’s brother.
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